imm 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  LLWCS 


NOTES  ON  THE 


Aquatic  Phenogams  of  Iowa, 


By  R.  I.  CRATTY. 


Extract  from  Bulletin  Lab.  Nat.  Sci.,  State  Univ.  Iowa. 
Vol.  III.,  No.  4. 


December  10th,  1895. 


Notes  on  the  Aquatic  Phenogams  of  Iowa. 


By  R.  I.  CRATTY. 


So  large  a  proportion  of  our  state  is  suitable  for  cultivation 
that  our  native  flora  is  being  rapidly  swept  away,  and  while 
most  of  the  species  may  survive  along  roadsides,  in  hilly  and 
stony  localities,  and  along  streams,  yet  many  which  are  rare 
or  local  must  eventually  disappear  entirely.  Most  of  the  land 
too  rolling  for  plowing  is  valuable  for  pasturage,  and  here  the 
destruction  of  the  indigenous  flora  is  nearly  as  rapid,  the 
introduced  grasses,  clovers,  and  weeds  appropriating  the 
ground.  While  the  marsh  and  aquatic  plants  have  a  better 
chance  in  the  struggle  for  existence  than  the  prairie  flora,  yet 
the  draining  of  ponds  and  marshes,  thus  greatly  restricting 
the  area  frequented  by  such  plants,  is  certain  to  sweep  away 
some  species  which  were  formerly  quite  common.  Those 
who  have  lived  many  years  in  the  state,  now  see  the  former 
haunts  of  muskrats  and  aquatic  birds  covered  with  waving 
grain,  and  while  from  an  economic  point  of  view  this  change 
may  be  desirable,  yet  to  the  naturalist  it  brings  the  conviction 
that  if  we  are  to  secure  a  full  representation  of  what  our 
flora  was,  there  is  no  time  to  lose. 

The  following  list  of  plants,  all  marsh  or  aquatic  except  our 
two  species  of  Ariscema ,  while  probably  not  complete,  is  an 
attempt  to  record  in  one  paper  a  list  of  the  species  of  the  fol¬ 
lowing  orders  found  within  our  limits,  giving  as  far  as  possible 
the  geographical  distribution  of  each.  Free  use  has  been 
made  of  Dr.  Arthur’s  Flora  of  Iowa  (1876),  and  of  its  several 
additions,  and  of  Prof.  A.  S.  Hitchcock’s  Ames  Flora,  as  pub¬ 
lished  in  the  Transactions  of  the  St.  Lotus  Academy  of  Science, 


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NOTES  ON  THE  AQUATIC  PIIENOGAMS  OF  IOWA. 

Vol.  V.  (1891).  Much  help  has  also  been  derived  from  Prof. 
Macmillan’s  Metaspermce  of  the  Minnesota  Valley  (1892). 
Dr.  Morong’s  Naiadacece  of  North  America  and  J.  G.  Smith’s 
Revision  of  the  North  American  Species  of  Sagittaria  and 
Lophotocarpus  have  been  followed  in  those  groups.  In  the 
remaining  portions  the  treatment,  with  a  few  exceptions,  is 
essentially  that  of  Gray's  Manual,  6th  edition. 

Thanks  are  due  Dr.  J.  C.  Arthur,  of  Purdue  University, 
Lafayette,  Indiana,  Mr.  E.  W.  D.  Holway,  of  Decorah,  Iowa, 
Prof.  A.  S.  Hitchcock,  of  the  Kansas  Agricultural  College, 
Edmund  P.  Sheldon,  of  the  University  of  Minnesota,  and 
Prof.  B.  Shimek,  of  the  Iowa  State  University,  for  valuable 
assistance.  Mr.  F.  Reppert,  of  Muscatine,  Iowa,  has  greatly 
aided  me  by  the  loan  of  specimens,  literature,  and  by  furnish¬ 
ing  many  valuable  notes.  Prof.  W.  A.  Kellerman,  of  the 
Ohio  State  University,  kindly  looked  over  for  me  a  portion 
of  Dr.  Arthur’s  collection  now  in  the  herbarium  of  the  late 
Dr.  Townshend.  Prof.  L.  H.  Pammel,  of  the  Iowa  Agricul¬ 
tural  College,  kindly  loaned  me  for  study  the  collection  of 
Iowa  aquatics  in  the  herbarium  of  that  institution.  Finally,  1 
desire  to  thank  Prof.  T.  H.  Macbride,  of  the  Iowa  State  Uni¬ 
versity,  for  his  kindness  and  the  efficient  aid  he  has  rendered 
me  in  many  ways. 


ARACEiE. 

ARISFEM  A  Mart.  Flora,  II.,  459  (1831). 

1.  A.  triphyllum  (. Linn .)  Torr .  FI.  N.  Y.,  II.,  (1843  ). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  549;  Arthur,  FI. 
Iowa,  30;  Hitchcock,  Ames  FI  ,  521 ;  Macmillan,  Metas.  Minn. 
Val.,  132. 

Common  throughout;  preferring  low,  rich  ground  in  woods. 
Flowering  in  May  or  June,  the  fruit  maturing  late  in  August. 

Decorah,  Holzuay ;  Iowa  City,  Macbride;  Ames  and  Charles 
City,  Arthur;  Emmet  county,  Cratly;  Le  Claire,  Rol/s; 
Muscatine,  Reppert;  Winnebago  county,  Shimek. 


p 49894 


A  2 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


138 

2.  A.  dracontium  (Linn.)  Schott .  Melet.  (1832  ). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  549;  Upham,  FI. 
Minn.,  134;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  30;  Hitchcock,  Ames  FL,  521. 

Low  damp  woods;  less  common  than  the  preceding  species. 

Decorah,  Holway;  Ames,  Hitchcock;  Iowa  City,  Macbride; 
Charles  City,  Arthur ;  Muscatine,  Reppert;  Keokuk,  Rolfs. 

Note. — Calla  falustris  Linn.,  Spec.  Ed.  2,  1373(1762),  has  been  found  just 
outside  our  limi  s  in  southeastern  Minnesota.  Ii  may  be  looked  for  in  the 
northeastern  part  of  our  state. 

SYMPLOCARPUS  Salish.  Nutt.,  Gen.  I.,  105  (1818). 

1.  S.  fcetidus.  Stilish.  Nutt.,  Gen.  I.,  105  (1818  ). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  551;  Arthur,  FI. 
Iowa,  30;  Macmillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  131. 

A  homely  plant  with  a  most  disagreeable  odor.  Bogs  and 
very  moist  ground;  eastern  and  southern  portions  of  the  state. 
Rather  rare. 

Decorah,  Holway ;  Muscatine  county,  Macbride ,  Reppert. 

ACORUS  Linn.  Spec.  Pi.  ( 1753) . 

1.  A.  calamus  Linn.  Spec.  PI.  324  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  551;  Arthur,  FL 
Iowa,  30;  Upham,  FL  Minn.,  135. 

Well  distributed  throughout  the  state.  Usually  only  a 
small  percentage  of  the  plants  flower.  Marshes,  June,  July. 

Decorah,  Holzvay ;  Iowa  City  and  Cedar  Rapids,  Macbride ; 
Emmet  county,  Cratty;  Ames,  Hitchcock;  Hancock  county, 
Arthur ;  Jewell  Junction,  Rolfs;  Winnebago  county,  Shimek . 

LEMNACE  JE. 

LEMNA  Linn.  Spec.  PL,  (1753). 

1.  L.  minor  Linn.  Spec.  PL  970  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  553;  Arthur,  FL 


NOTES  ON  THE  AQUATIC  PH EN OGAMS  OF  IOWA,  11)(g 

Iowa,  30;  Hitchcock,  Ames  FL,  522;  Macmillan,  Metas. 
Minn.  Val.,  133. 

Proliferous  like  the  rest  of  our  Lemnacece ,  the  flowers  and 
fruit  being  rarely  seen.  In  stagnant  water;  rarer  than  the 
two  following. 

Ames  and  Iowa  City,  Hitchcock ;  Marshalltown,  Stewart; 
Muscatine,  Reppert;  Linn  county,  Shimek;  Ames  (near  the 
var.  orbiculata  Austin),  Bessey. 

2.  L.  trisulc a  Linn.  Spec.  PL,  970  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  552;  Arthur,  FI. 
Iowa,  30;  Hitchcock,  Ames  FL,  522;  Upham,  FL  Minn.,  135. 

Common  throughout  the  state,  floating  on  stagnant  water, 
among  other  vegetation,  often  in  dense  mats.  June,  July. 

Emmet  county,  Cratty ;  Iowa  City  and  Cedar  Rapids,  Mac- 
bride;  Decorah,  Ho/way;  Ames,  Arthur,  Bessey ;  Spirit  Lake, 
Hitchcock :  Muscatine,  Reppert ;  Hancock  county,  Shimek. 

3.  L.  polyrrhiza  Linn.  Spec.  PL,  970  (1753). 

Spirodela  polyrrhiza  Schleid,  Linnem,  XIII.,  392  (1839). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.,  6th  ed.,  552;  Arthur,  FL 
Iowa,  30;  Hitchcock,  Ames  FL,  521;  Macmillan,  Metas. 
Minn.  Val.,  134. 

Very  common  throughout,  floating  on  stagnant  or  slow 
flowing  water.  July. 

Muscatine,  Reppert;  Spirit  Lake,  Hitchcock ;  Ames,  Arthur ; 
Dec-orah,  Ilohvav ;  Cedar  Rapids  and  Iowa  City,  Macbride ; 
Emmet  county,  Cratty ;  Winnebago  county,  Shimek. 

Note.— L.  perpusilla  Torr.,  FI.  N.  Y.,  II.,  245  (1843),  should  be  looked 

for  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state. 

*  P.  .  \ 

WOLF  FI  A  Horkei.  Linn.  XIII.,  389  (1839). 

1.  W.  brasiliensis  Wedd.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Ser.,  3,  XII.,  157 
(1849). 

Grant ia  brasiliensis  (  Wedd.)  Macmillan,  Metas.  Minn. 
Val.,  134  (1892). 


140 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  553;  Upham,  FI. 
Minn.,  135;  Beal  and  Wheeler,  FI.  Mich.,  144. 

Floating  as  little  grains  on  the  surface  of  the  water. 

Iowa  City  and  Cedar  Rapids,  where  it  is  very  common 
some  years,  Macbride ,  Shimek;  Mississippi  River  near  Oquaw- 
ka.  Ill.,  Patterson ;  Muscatine,  Ref  pert. 

TYPHACE.E. 

TYPHA  Linn.  Spec.  PL,  ( 1 7 53 ) • 

1.  T.  latifolia  Linn.  Spec.  PL,  971  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  547 ;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa, 
30;  Hitchock,  Ames  FL,  521 ;  Macmillan,  Metas.  Minn.Val.,  31. 

A  well  known  plant  of  wide  distribution  throughout  the 

\ 

northern  hemisphere.  Fertile  portion  of  spike  when  mature 
often  1  in.  or  more  in  diameter,  and  5  to  8  in.  long.  Common 
in  marshes  and  edges  of  ponds.  July,  August. 

Decorah,  Hohvay ;  Iowa  City,  Macbride;  Emmet  and  Kos¬ 
suth  counties,  Cratty;  Ames,  Arthur ,  Hitchcock ;  Hamilton 
county,  Rolfs ;  Muscatine,  Reppert;  Charles  City,  Arthur; 
Cedar  Rapids,  Keokuk,  Taylor  count)7,  Shimek;  Henry, 
Scott,  Delaware,  Jackson  counties,  Macbride. 

SPARGANIACE  JE. 

SPARGANIUM  Linn.  Spec.  PL  (1753). 

1.  S.  simplex  Huds.  FL  Angl.  Ed.  2,  401  (1762). 

S.  simplex  Huds.  var.  nuttallii  Englm.  in  Gray’s  Man., 
5th  ed.,  481  ( 1867) . 

Wats.  2nd  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  548;  Arthur,  FL  Iowa, 
30;  Hitchcock,  Ames  FL  521;  Upham.  FL  Minn.,  135. 

Marshes  and  edges  of  lakes;  rare  or  local.  July,  August. 
Ames,  four  miles  southwest  of  College,  Hiichcock. 


NOTES  ON  THE  AQUATIC  PHENOGAMS  OF  IOWA.  I^I 

2.  S.  amdrocladum  ( Engelm .)  Morong ,  Bull.  Tor?'.  Bot. 

Club,  XV.,  78  (1888). 

S.  simplex  Huds.  var.  androcladum  Engelm.  in  Gray's 
Man.,  5th  ed.,  481  (1867). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s,  Man.  6th  ed.,  548;  Arthur,  FI. 
Iowa,  30;  Macmillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  33. 

Heads  when  mature  about  one  inch  in  diameter,  being 
intermediate  in  size  between  the  preceding  and  the  next. 
Ponds;  rare.  July,  August. 

Davenport,  Arthur' s  FI.  Iozvci ,  No.  775?  Wilton,  Hitchcock. 

3.  S.  eurycarpum  Engelm.  Gray’s  Man.,  2nd  ed.  (1852). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  548;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa, 
30;  Hitchcock,  Ames  FI.  521 ;  Macmillan,  Metas.  Minn. Val.,  33. 

Frequent  throughout  the  state  on  the  margin  of  ponds  and 
lakes,  usually  being  found  among  a  rank  growth  of  grasses 
and  sedges.  Mature  heads  of  fruit  are  often  1  f2  in-  in  diam¬ 
eter.  July,  August. 

Emmet  county,  C ratty ;  Iowa  City,  Macbride ;  Ames,  Hitch¬ 
cock;  Humboldt,  Besscy ;  Hamilton  county,  Rolfs;  Dickinson 
county,  Hitchcock ;  Washington  and  Winnebago  counties, 
Cedar  Rapids,  Shimek. 

NAIADACE  JE. 

NAIAS  Linn.  Spec.  PL,  1015  (1753). 

1.  N.  flexilis  (  Wit  Id. )  Rost.  &  Schmidt ,  FI.  Sed.  384  ( 1824) . 

Morong,  Naiad.  N.  A.,  59;  Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man., 
6th  ed.,  566;  Macmillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  40;  Hitchcock, 
Ames  FI.,  523;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  30. 

A  homely  little  plant,  growing  entirely  under  water,  and 
widely  distributed  throughout  the  northern  hemisphere.  Ponds 
and  slow  streams.  July,  August. 

Lake  Cairo,  Bcsscy;  Emmet  county,  Cratty;  Story  and 
Dickinson  counties,  Hitchcock ;  Muscatine  Rcppcrt;  Hancock 
county,  Shimek. 


142 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


ZANNICHELLIA  Linn .  Spec.  PL,  969  (1753). 

1.  Z.  palustris  Linn.  Spec.  PL,  969  (1753). 

Morong,  Naiad.,  N.  A.  57;  Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man., 
6th  ed.,  565;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  30;  Hitchcock,  Ames  FL, 
523;  Upham,  FL  Minn.,  136. 

A  graceful  aquatic  with  capillary  stems,  sparsely  branched; 
flowering  and  ripening  its  fruit  under  water.  Cosmopolitan. 
Ponds,  and  slow  streams. 

Ames,  not  uncommon,  Hitchcock ;  Muscatine,  Reppert ; 
Storm  Lake,  Bessey. 

POTAMOGETON  Linn.  Spec.  PL,  126  (1753). 

1.  P.  natans.  Linn.  Spec.  PL,  126  (1753). 

Morong,  Naid.  N.  A.  13;  Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man., 
6th  ed.,  558;  Arthur,  Cont.  FL  Iowa,  III.;  Macmillan,  Metas. 
Minn.  Val.,  34. 

Ponds  and  slow-flowing  streams;  fruit  maturing  in  August 
which  should  be  especially  collected  of  all  species  of  the  genus. 

Lake  township,  Muscatine  county,  Reppert;  Linn  county, 
Shimek ;  Lake  Okoboji  and  Fort  Dodge,  Hitchcock. 

2.  P.  amplifolius  Tuck.  Am.Jour.  Sci.,  2,  VI.,  225  (1848). 

Morong,  Naiad.  N.  A.,  16;  Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man., 
6th  ed.,  561;  Upham,  FL  Minn.,  136;  Arthur,  FL  Iowa,  30; 
Beal  and  Wheeler,  FL  Mich.,  146. 

Slow  flowing  streams;  rather  rare. 

Emmet  county,  Cratty ;  Muscatine,  Reppert ;  Spirit  Lake, 
Hitchcock ;  Tama  County,  Sirrine;  Charles  City,  Arthur. 

3.  P.  nuttallii  Ch.  &  Sch.  Linnsea,  II.,  226  (1827). 

P.  pennsyivanicus  Ch.  &  Sch.  Linn.,  II.,  227  (1827). 

P.  claytonii  Tuck.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts.  1st  Ser., 
XLV.,  38  (1843). 

Morong,  Naiad.  N.  A.,  18;  Wats,  and  Coult  ,  Gray’s  Man., 
6th  ed.,  559;  Beal  and  Wheeler,  FL  Mich.,  145. 


NOTES  ON  THE  AQUATIC  PHENOGAMS  OF  IOWA.  x  ^ 

Not  before  reported  from  Iowa.  Ponds  and  slow  streams 
along  Cedar  River  near  Muscatine,  June  25,  1894.  Not 
common.  Herb.  Ref  pert,  Ho.  738. 

4.  p.  eonchites  Tuck.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  2nd  Ser., 
VII.,  348  (1849). 

P.  fin  items  Auc.  Amer. 

(?)P. Jluitans  Roth,  FI.  Germ.,  I.,  72  (1788). 

Morong,  Naiad.  N.  A.,  20;  Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man., 
6th  ed.,  560;  Macmillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  34;  Arthur,  FI. 
Iowa,  30. 

Slow-flowing  streams;  common.  Forms  of  this  species 
with  the  petioles  of  the  submerged  leaves  6  to  8  in.  long  were 
collected  by  Mr.  Reppert  in  the  Mississippi  River  near  Mus¬ 
catine. 

West  Fork  of  the  Des  Moines  at  Estherville,  Cratty ;  Ames, 
streams  around  Cairo  Lake,  Hitchcock;  ponds  and  sloughs 
along  Cedar  River,  Reppert ;  Iowa  City,  Linn  and  Lee  coun¬ 
ties,  Shimek;  Charles  City,  Arthur;  Storm  Lake,  Bessey ; 
Waterloo  and  Spirit  Lake,  Hitchcock ;  Hamilton  count}7,  Rolfs . 

5.  P.  heterophyllus  Schrel >.  Spic.  FI.  Lips,  21  (1771). 
P.  gramineus ,  var.  heterophyllus  Fries.  Nov.  2nd  ed., 

35  (1828). 

Morong,  Naiad.  N.  A.,  23;  Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man., 
6th  ed.,  561;  Hitchcock,  Ames  FI.,  522;  Macmillan,  Metas. 
Minn.  Val  ,  35. 

An  extremely  variable  species,  preferring  quiet  water;  rare 
within  our  limits.  When  the  ponds  and  sloughs  dry  up  this 
species  often  sends  up  shoots  bearing  several  broad  green 
leaves,  in  this  respect  resembling  P.  illinoensis. 

Sloughs  near  Armstrong,  Emmet  county,  Cratty;  Ames, 
rare,  Hitchcock. 

6.  P.  illinoensis  Morong .  Bot.  Gaz  ,  V.,  50  (1880). 

Morong,  Naiad.  N.  A.,  27;  Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s 
Man.,  6th  ed.,  561;  Macmillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  36; 
Arthur,  Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  V.;  Hitchcock,  Ames,  FI.,  522. 


T44 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


Ponds  and  margins  of  lakes.  This  species  has  the  floating 
leaves  more  crowded  and  of  a  stockier  growth  than  P.  Ion- 
chites  with  which  it  is  often  confounded.  “The  plant  confines 
itself  mostly  to  rather  shallow  water  on  the  margin  of  sloughs 
and  ponds.  The  plants  are  often  left  exposed  in  the  mud,  in 
which,  if  it  does  not  become  too  dry,  the  roots  survive  and 
produce  short  shoots  bearing  3  to  4  leaves.” — Rcppert. 

Emmet  county,  rare,  Cratty ;  Ames,  infrequent,  Hitchcock ; 
Muscatine,  the  most  common  of  the  large-leaved  species, 
Rcppert. 

7.  P.  prvelongus  Wulpen.  Roem.  Arch.,  III.,  331  (1803-5). 

Morong,  Naiad.  N.  A.,  32;  Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man., 
6th  ed.,  562;  Upl  am, 'FI.  Minn.,  136;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  30;: 
Beal  and  Wheeler,  FI.  Mich.,  146. 

Deep  water,  lakes  and  ponds.  July,  August. 

Clear  Lake,  Arthur ;  Okoboji  and  Spirit  Lakes,  Hitchcock  ; 
Iowa  Lake,  Cratty. 

Note  —P.  lucens  Linn.  Spec.  PI.,  126  (1753).  Specimens  without  flow¬ 
ers  or  fruit  of  what  appears  to  be  this  species  were  collected  by  Professor 
Hitchcock  near  Ames  and  are  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Agricultural  College. 

8.  P.  perfoliatus  Linn .,  var.  richardsonii  A.  Bennett. 
Jour.  Bot.,  XXVII.,  25  (1889 ptp.  lanceolatus  Sm.  Fng. 
Bot.,  1985  (1808).  P .  perfoliatus  var.  lanceolatus  Rob¬ 
bins  in  Gray’s  Man.,  5th  ed.,  488  (1867). 

Morong,  Naiad.  N.  A.,  33;  Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man., 
6th  ed.,  562;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  V.;  Upham,  FI.  Minn., 
137- 

Shallow  water  in  lakes,  ponds,  and  streams  —  a  most  beau¬ 
tiful  plant.  July.  I  have  not  seen  the  tvpical  P.  perfoliatus 
from  Iowa. 

Okoboji  and  Spirit  Lakes,  Hitchcock;  Emmet  county. 

9.  P.  zosTERyEFOLius  Schum.  Enum.  PI.  Sael,  I.,  50  (1801), 
P.  compressus  Fries.  Nov.  ed.  2,  44  (1828),  non  Linn. 


NOTES  ON  THE  AQUATIC  PHENOGAMS  OF  IOWA.  Iz^ 

Morong,  Naiad.  N.  A.,  37;  Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man., 
6th  ed.,  562;  Macmillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  39;  Arthur, 
Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  III.;  Hitchcock,  Ames,  FI.,  522. 

A  beautiful  piant  with  bright,  smooth  leaves.  Shallow 
water  in  lakes  or  slow  streams.  July,  August. 

Vinton,  Arthurs  Cat.;  Iowa  Lake,  Emmet  county,  Cratty ; 
Lake  Okoboji  and  Ames,  Hitchcock ;  Muscatine,  R effect ; 
Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa  City,  Hancock  county,  Shimek. 

10.  P.  foliosus  Raf.  Med.  Rep.,  II.,  Hex.  V.,  354  (1808  ). 
P .  faucijlorus  Pursh.  FI.  Am.,  I..  121  (1814),  non  Lam. 
FI.  Franc,  III.,  209  (1778). 

Morong,  Naiad.  N.  A.,  39;  Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man., 
6th  ed.,  563;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  30;  Macmillan,  Metas.  Minn. 
Val.,  39. 

A  very  variable  species,  usually  growing  entirely  under 
water,  and  widely  distributed  throughout  the  United  States 
and  Canada.  Morong  in  his  JVaiadacece  of  JVorth  America 
says,  “  spikes  about  4-flowered/’  Emmet  county,  Iowa,  speci¬ 
mens  determined  by  him  have  the  spikes  4-  to  6-fruited. 
Some  of  Mr.  Reppert’s  specimens  vary  from  the  type  in 
having  the  spikes  6-  to  10-fruited,  in  this  respect-  approaching 
the  var.  niagarensis  (Tuck.)  Gray.  Similar  forms  were  also 
collected  at  Ames  by  Prof.  Hitchcock.  June,  July. 

Shallow  water  in  ponds  and  lakes,  Emmet  county,  Cratty ; 
Muscatine,  Reffcrt ;  Iowa  City,  Lee,  Hancock,  and  Linn 
counties,  Shimek;  Mt.  Pleasant,  Mills;  Charles  City,  Arthur ; 
Grand  Junction,  Bessey;  Dickinson  and  Woodbury  counties, 
Hitchcock. 

Note. —  P.  obt usifobus  Mert.  and  Kock.  Dent.  FI.,  I.,  855  (1823),  has 
been  reported  from  this  State,  but  I  have  not  seen  it  Plants  so  labeled 
which  I  have  seen  are  forms  of  anothtr  species. 

f 

11.  P.  major  (Pries)  Morong ,  Naiad.  N.  x\.,  41  (1893). 

P.  rutilus  Auc.  Amer.  in  part,  non  Schult.,  Mant.  III., 
362  (1827). 

P.fusillus  Linn.,  var.  major  Fries.  Nov.  48  (1828). 

P.  comf  ressus  Sm.  Eng.  Bot.,  III.,  418  (1794),  non  Linn. 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


146 

Morong,  Naiad.  N.  A.,  41;  Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man., 
6th  ed.,  563;  Upham,  FI.  Minn.,  137. 

A  graceful  little  plant  with  delicate,  bright  foliage,  some¬ 
what  resembling  P.  pusillus  but  larger.  Rare  in  America. 
Ponds  and  shallow  lakes.  July. 

Iowa  Lake,  Emmet  county,  Crcitty ;  Muscatine,  Herb . 
Rep-pert ,  J\o.  7^6  in  part ;  Spirit  Lake,  Hitchcock. 

12.  P.  pusillus  Linn.  Spec.  PL,  127  (1753). 

Morong,  Naiad.  N.  A.,  45;  Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man., 
6th  ed.,  563;  Macmillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Yah,  36;  Hitchcock, 
Ames  FI.,  522. 

A  delicate  species  preferring  shallow  ponds  and  lakes.  July. 

Ames,  abundant  at  Cairo  Lake,  Hitchcock ;  Muscatine, 
Herb.  Rep  pert.  JVo.  746  in  part. 

13.  P.  spirillus  Tuck.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  2nd  Ser., 
VI  ,  226  (1848). 

Morong,  Naiad.  N.  A.,  49;  Wats,  and  Coult.,  Graj^’s  Man., 
6th  ed.,  560;  Beal  and  Wheeler,  FI.  Mich.,  145;  Bot.  Death 
Val.  Ex.,  210. 

This  interesting  little  plant,  not  before  reported  from  the 
State,  was  collected  in  August,  1889,  at  Carnsforth,  Iowa,  by 
Prof.  Hitchcock,  and  again  in  July,  1894,  by  Mr.  Kenneth 
McKenzie  in  ponds  along  the  C.,  R.  I.  &  P.  R.  R.,  between 
Muscatine  and  Fruitland.  The  specimens  approach  P.  diver- 
si  folius  Raf.  ( P .  hybridus  Michx. )  in  some  characters,  but  are 
quite  clearly  distinguished  by  the  submerged  spikes  being 
sessile  or  nearly  so;  by  the  broader  submerged  leaves,  and  by 
the  curious  snail-like  fruit  which  shows  the  coiled  embryo 
very  conspicuously,  even  in  the  dried  specimen. 

1 

14.  P.  pectin  at  us  Linn.  Spec.  Pl.i^-'V  1 7  5  3)  • 

Morong,  Naiad.  N.  A.,  51;  Wats  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man., 
6th  ed.,  564;  Macmillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  35;  Arthur,  FI. 
Iowa,  30. 


NOTES  ON  THE  AQUATIC  PHE NOGAMS  OF  IOWA. 

One  of  the  most  widely  distributed  species  of  plants,  occur¬ 
ring  in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  Australia,  and  the  greater  part 
of  North  America.  Ponds  and  quiet  streams.  July,  August. 

West  Fork  of  the  Des  Moines,  Estherville,  C ratty ;  Musca¬ 
tine,  Rcppcrt ;  Woodbine,  Burgess;  Storm  Lake,  Bessey; 
Lake  Okoboji,  Hitchcock;  Hancock  and  Linn  counties,  SJiiniek . 

JUNCAGINE^E. 

TRIGLOCHIN  Linn.  Sp.  PL,  339  (1753). 

1.  T.  maritim a  Linn.  Sp.  PL,  339  (1753  ). 

T.  elata  Nutt.  Gen.  I.,  237  (1818). 

T.  maritima ,  var.  eiata  Gray’s  Man.,  2nd  ed.,  437  ( 1852). 

Morong,  Naiad.  N.  A.,  8;  Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man., 
6th  ed.,  558;  Arthur.  Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  V.;  Macmillan,  Metas. 
Minn.  Val.,  41;  Hitchcock,  Ames  FL*  522. 

Widely  distributed  throughout  Canada  and  the  northern 
half  of  the  United  States.  Most  common  in  salt  marshes,  but 
in  the  interior  it  is  found  in  fresh  water  bogs.  Our  plant  2 
to  3  ft.  tall.  July,  August. 

Ames,  very  rare,  Hitchcock ;  bogs  near  Armstrong,  Emmet 
county,  infrequent,  C ratty. 

\ 

SCHEUCHZERIA  Linn.  Spec.  PL,  338  (1753). 

1.  S.  pauustris  Linn.  Sp.  PL,  338  (1753). 

Morong,  Naiad.  N.  A.,  9;  Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man., 
6th  ed.,  558;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  V.;  Macmillan,  Metas. 
Minn.  Val.,  42. 

A  rush-like  perennial  plant  growing  in  cold  bogs,  and  flow¬ 
ering  early  in  4:h^-  £prmg,  the  fruit  maturing  in  July.  Only 
one  species  is  known. 

Emmet  county,  two  miles  north  of  Armstrong,  very  rare, 
C ratty.  This  is  about  its  southern  limit  in  the  United  States. 


148 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


ALISMACE  JE. 

ALISMA  Linn.  Sp.  PL  (1753). 

1.  A.  plantago  Linn.  Sp.  PL,  342  (1753). 

A.  -plantago  var.  americana ,  R.  and  S.,  Svst.  III.  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Grav’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  554;  Arthur,  FL 
Iowa,  31;  Hitchcock,  Ames  FL,  522;  Upham,  FL  Minn.,  138. 

Common  throughout  the  State.  The  plant  varies  greatly, 
especially  in  regard  to  size  and  foliage,  the  result  of  different 
conditions  of  its  place  of  growth.  June,  July. 

Emmet  county,  Cratty ;  Iowa  City  and  Cedar  Rapids,  Mac- 
bride;  Decorah,  Llolzvay ;  Ames  and  Charles  City,  Arthur; 
Boone,  Bessey;  Muscatine,  Reppert;  Webster  City,  Pammel; 
Marshalltown,  Stewart;  Hamilton  county,  Rolfs;  Fremont, 
Washington,  Lee,  Jackson  and  Scott  counties,  Shimek. 

KCHINODORUS  Richard.  Mem.  Mus.,  365  (1815) 

1.  E.  rostratus  (JVutt.)  Engelm.  Gray’s  Man.,  2nd  ed., 
438  (1856). 

Alisma  rostrata  Nutt. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  556;  Hitchcock, 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  XVI.,  70. 

Ditches  and  swamps.  Illinois  to  Iowa  and  southward; 
rather  rare.  August,  September. 

Plamburg,  Hitchcock ;  Iowa  City,  Macbride;  Muscatine, 
Reppert;  Sioux  City,  Pammel;  Keokuk,  Shimek. 

.2  E.  par vulus  Engelm.  Gray’s  Man.,  2nd  ed.,  438  (1856). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  556;  Arthur,  FL 
Iowa,  31;  Upham,  FL  Minn.,  138;  Beal  and  Wheeler,  FL 
Mich.,  145. 

Rare  or  local.  No.  786  of  Arthur’’ s  Flora  of  Iowa ,  but 
without  locality. 


NOTES  ON  THE  AQUATIC  PHENOGAMS  OF  IOWA.  I4^ 

SAGITTARIA  Linn .  Sp.  PL  (1753). 

1.  S.  arifolia  Nutt,  in  Herb.  j.  G.  Smith,  Rev.  N.  A. 

Sag.  and  Loph.,  6  (1894). 

S.  sa <fit tcf olia  minor  Pursh.,  FI.  Am.,  II.,  395  (1814  ). 

A  species  widely  distributed  in  the  western  half  of  the 
United  States,  but  probably  rare  within  our  limits.  In  general 
appearance  closely  resembling  form  c.  of  S.  latifolia  Willd., 
but  the  fruit  very  different,  long,  winged  on  both  sides,  with 
a  very  short  upright  beak,  and  (in  our  plant )  a  prominent 
vertical  sub-epidermal  resin  passage.  Collected  at  Iowa  City 
by  Prof.  Hitchock.  Herbarium  of  Iowa  Agricultural  College. 

2.  S.  uatifolia  Willd.  Sp.  PL,  IV.,  409  (1806). 

S.  variabilis  Engelm.  Gray’s  Man.,  1st  ed.,  (1848). 

A.  sag itt  of  olia  Auc.  Amer. 

( ?)S.  sagittofolia  Linn.  Sp.  993  (1753). 

Smith,  Rev.  N.  A.  Sag.  and  Loph.,  8;  Wats,  and  Coult., 
Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  554;  Macmillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,45; 
Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  31;  Hitchcock,  Ames  FL,  522. 

Very  common  throughout  the  State  in  sloughs  and  edges 
of  ponds,  lakes,  and  streams.  Excessively  variable  in  size, 
foliage,  shapes  of  the  achenia,  etc.  The  typical  plant  has 
achenia  obliquely  or  horizontally  beaked,  both  of  which  forms 
are  common  within  our  limits.  J.  G.  Smith  in  his  recent  mon¬ 
ograph  includes  five  forms  of  which  form  a,  the  var.  obtusa 
Engelm.,  and  form  c,  including  the  varieties  hastata.  an^ustL 
folia ,  gracilis ,  and  diversifolia  of  most  collectors  are  frequent. 

Several  species  of  Sagittaria  produce  tubers,  especially  S. 
latifolia  and  its  various  forms.  These  tubers  are  called  Wab- 
es-i-pin-ig,  or  swan  potatoes,  by  the  Chippewa  Indians,  because 
they  furnish  nourishment  for  the  larger  aquatic  fowls.  “These 
tubers  sometimes  attain  the  size  of  a  small  hen’s  egg  and  are 
then  eaten  by  the  Indians  with  whom  they  are  a  great  favor¬ 
ite.  In  their  raw  state  they  contain  a  bitter,  milky  juice,  but 
in  boiling  become  sweet  and  palatable.” — Parry. 

Decorah,  Holzvay ;  Emmet  and  Kossuth  counties,  Cratty; 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


ISO 

Jones  county,  Cedar  Rapids  and  Iowa  City,  Macbrfde:  Ames. 
Arthur:  Hamilton  county,  Rolfs;  Muscatine,  Rep pert 1 :  Mar¬ 
shalltown,  Stezvzrt;  Davenport  and  Waterloo,  Hitchcock ; 
Winnebago  and  Lee  counties,  Shimsk. 

3.  S.  rigida  Pursh .  FI.  Am.,  397  (1814  ). 

S.  heterophylla  Pursh.  FI.  Am.,  396  (  1814).  not  of 
Schreb.  FI.  Eri.,  II.,  119  (1811). 

Smith,  Rev.  N.  A.  Sag.  and  Loph.,  23;  Wats,  and  Coult* 
Gray’s  Man..  6th  ed.,  555;  Hitchcock,  Ames  FI..  520;  Arthur* 
Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  III. 

Ed^es  of  lakes  or  streams:  rather  common  in  the  eastern 
and  southern  portions  of  the  State.  Very  variable,  especially 
in  regard  to  size  and  foliage,  July,  August. 

Clinton  county,  Butler:  Ames,  abundant  at  Cairo  Lake. 
Hitchcock :  Muscatine,  in  Muscatine  slough  at  the  upper 
bridge,  lave  miles  below  the  city.  Rep  pert;  Waterloo.  Hitchcock  ? 
Linn  county,  Shimek.  Specimens  collected  at  Iowa  City  by 
Prof.  Hitchcock  have  the  submersed  foliage  closely  resembling 
that  of  S.  teres  Wats. 

4.  S.  GRAMINEA  MicllX .  FI.  N.  x\.,  I.,  I9O  (  1803). 

Smith,  Rev.  N.  A.  Sag.  and  Loph.,  24;  Wats,  and  Coult.* 
Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  555;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  31;  Hitchcock, 
Ames  FI.,  522;  Webb.  FI.  Neb.,  97. 

Southeast  portion  of  the  State;  ponds  and  streams.  'July. 

Ames  and  Boone,  Bessey;  Hamilton  county,  Rolfs;  Iowa 
City,  Mach  ride  ;  Muscatine,  Reppert ;  Nevada,  Fragier;  Carns- 
forth,  Hitchcock ,  a  form  approaching  S.  cristata. 

5.  S.  cristata  Engehn.  in  Arthur,  Cont.  FI.  Iowa,V.,  (  1882  ) . 
Proc.  Dav.  Acad.  Sci.,  IV.,  29  ( 1886). 

S.  zariabilis var.  (?)  gracilis ,  S.  Watson  in  Gray's  Man.,  6th 
ed.,  555,  in  part,  not  of  Engelm. 

Smith,  Rev.  N.  A.  Sag.  and  Loph.,  27 :  Sheldon,  Minn.  Bot. 
Studies,  Bull.  9.  pt.  II. 

Monoecious  aquatic,  rooting  in  the  sand  or  mud  in  water  a 


NOTES  ON  THE  AQUATIC  PH  EXOGAMS  OF  IOWA.  1cJ 

few  inches  to  several  feet  deep.  6  in.  to  2  ft.  high;  petioles 
about  equaling  the  scape  in  height,  the  leaf  slightly  resemb¬ 
ling  the  petiole  in  form  and  structure,  3  to  5  in.  long,  linear 
or  linear  lanceolate,  thick,  spongy,  somewhat  triangular  in 
cross  section,  and  when  flattened  in  the  herbarium  specimen, 
appearing  more  nearly  lanceolate  in  form.  Submerged  phvl- 
lodia  linear  or  linear  lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  4  to  8  in.  long, 
rigid,  with  about  five  principal  and  many  intermediate  nerves, 
coarselv  reticulated,  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  plant,  and 
appearing  in  tufts  from  the  nodes  of  the  stolons  by  means  of 
which  the  plant  is  propagated,  and  which  extend  for  a  con¬ 
siderable  distance  along  the  muddy  bottom.  Scape  slender, 
bearing  4  to  6  whorls  of  flowers,  rarely  more  than  the  lower 
whorl  fertile;  pedicels  of  sterile  and  fertile  flowers  about  equal, 
34  to  1  in.  long,  bracts  connate,  acute  or  slightlv  obtuse;  petals 
white,  delicate,  wavy;  filaments  pubescent,  thickened  below, 
longer  than  the  anthers.  Fruit  heads  G  to  3/  in.  in  diameter. 

/  “T  y 

shrinking  much  in  drying;  achenia  obovate  with  a  conspicuous 
horizontal  style,  and  crested  back  and  sides. 

The  type  specimens  of  this  plant  with  flowers  and  mature 
fruit  were  collected  by  the  writer  in  a  small  lake,  since  dried 
up,  one  mile  east  of  Armstrong,  Emmet  countv,  Iowa,  in 
August,  1881,  and  were  sent  to  Dr.  Geo.  Engelmann  for 
determination.  In  his  reply  he  stated  that  while  it  was  closelv 
allied  to  S.  graminea  Michx  ,  he  could  not  decide  definitelv 
in  regard  to  it  without  thoroughlv  revising  the  genus.  How¬ 
ever,  under  date  of  March  5,  1882,  he  sent  to  Dr.  Arthur  the 
provisional  name  S.  cristata,  which  was  published  with  a  few 
lines  of  description  in  Arthur’s  Contribution  to  the  Flora  of 
lozva  as  above  noted.  The  late  Dr.  Morong.  who  studied  the 
plant  critically,  considered  it  a  good  species,  and  it  is  so  re¬ 
garded  in  J.  G.  Smith’s  recent  monograph.  Plants  collected 
at  Ames  and  Carnsforth.  and  conjectured  to  be  this  species, 
are  best  considered  as  forms  of  S.  o-raminea  Michx. 

o 

% 

Besides  the  locality  above  given,  the  plant  has  also  been 
found  in  several  places  in  Minnesota.  See  Sheldon  in  Minn. 
Bot.  St  ml..  Bull.  9.  f>t.  II. 


3 


072676718 


j  ^  2  NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 

LOPHOTO  CARPUS  T.  Durand.  Index  Gen. 

PL,  627  (1888). 

1.  L.  calycinus  ( Engelm .)  y.  G.  Smith  in  Mem.  Torr. 
Bot.  Club,  V.,  25  (1894). 

Sagittaria  calycinus  Engelm.  in  Torr.,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound., 
212  (1858). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  556;  Cont.  to  U. 
S.  Nat.  Herb.,  II.,  455- 

Not  before  reported  from  the  State  and  very  rare  within 
our  limits. 

.  Muscatine,  margin  of  a  pond  just  above  the  city,  Reppert. 

HYDROCHARIDACE.E. 

E  L  O  D  E  A  Richard.  Mich.,  FI.  Bor.  Am.,  I.,  20  (1803). 

1.  E.  canadensis  Rich,  and Michx.  FI.  N.  Am.,  I.,  20  (  1803) . 
Anachams  canadensis  Planch.  Ann.  Mag.  and  Nat.  Hist., 
2nd  Ser.,  I.,  86  (1848). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  496;  Arthur,  FI. 
Iowa,  31;  Upham,  FI.  Minn.,  139. 

Frequent  throughout  the  State  in  slow-flowing  streams.  The 
staminate  flowers  are  very  rarely  seen.  A  few  were  collected 
by  the  writer  near  Armstrong,  in  July,  1882. 

Emmet  county,  C  ratty ;  Iowa  City,  Mach  ride;  Decorah, 
Holzvay;  Ames  and  Charles  Citv,  Arthur;  Ft.  Dodge,  Bessey; 
Spirit  Lake,  Hitchcock ;  Muscatine,  Rep  pert;  Hancock  county 
and  Cedar  Rapids,  Shhnek. 

VALLfSNFRIA  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  (1753). 

1.  V7.  spiralis  Linn.  Sp.  PL,  1015  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed  ,  496;  Arthur,  FI. 
Iowa,  31;  Macmillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  46. 

Rather  rare  in  ponds  and  lakes,  or  slow  streams.  August. 
Independence,  Bluff  ton  and  Iowa  City,  Machride ;  Iowa 
Lake,  Emmet  county,  Cratty ;  Ames  and  Storm  Lake,  Bessey ; 
Mud  Lake,  Story  county,  Hitchcock ;  Mason  City,  Shimek. 


